Los equipos caninos policiales. Importancia de los criterios de selección, entrenamiento, certificación y rendimiento
Palabras clave:
Equipos caninos, entrenamiento canino, rendimiento, test de selección, impulsos, perros detectores de sustancias, perros verdes, certificación caninaSinopsis
La Policía Nacional de Colombia (PNC), en el desarrollo de programas educativos que emplean equipos caninos (perro-manejador), utiliza pruebas de selección fundamentales para determinar cuáles animales son Aptos o No Aptos para iniciar el adiestramiento, continuarlo y finalizar su certificación. Por lo anterior, los objetivos de esta investigación son: 1) Proponer un conjunto de indicadores etológicos para evaluar el perro detector de sustancias, a partir de una prueba empírica de campo con base a instrumentos; y 2) Determinar los criterios de calificación para el perro detector de sustancias durante el proceso de asociación, potenciación y certificación para cada una de las pruebas evaluadas. Esto permite que los instrumentos se validen para que sean confiables, y predecir los perros que aprueban o desaprueban las evaluaciones comportamentales, aportando al desarrollo de los programas académicos. Para alcanzar el propósito del estudio, se efectúa un análisis univariado al utilizar tablas de contingecia de 2x2, estimando la sensibilidad y especificidad para cada una de las pruebas realizadas en los caninos detectores de sustancias narcóticas y explosivas (n=549); determinar los valores predictivos de los test: nstrumento No 1 (test-retest), Instrumento No 2 (potenciación y asociación) e Instrumento No 3 (certificación final). Para así, establecer el nivel de acuerdo a los evaluadores (Kappa de Cohen) mediante la correlacionacción de las 17 variables comportamentales individuales y agrupadas para predecir los caninos “Aptos” y “No Aptos” para el servicio policial. Dentro de los principales hallazgos se evidencia una sensibilidad y especificidad altas, con resultados estadísticamente significativos para la mayoría de las variables comportamentales analizadas individualmente (P<0,05). Siendo la “perseverancia”, la prueba que más influye en los test antes del adiestramiento (Kappa de 1,0), además de un nivel de acuerdo “casi perfecto” entre los evaluadores para la mayoría de las pruebas, prediciendo en un alto grado los caninos Aptos y No Aptos para el servicio policial (Perros No Aptos en la certificación final, n=12; 3%). Es fundamental que los programas académicos que emplean binomios, validen sus pruebas, al establecer cuáles son las variables más representativas para cada evaluación en particular. Lo cual mejora y ajusta los instrumentos de acuerdo a las necesidades de cada institución o especialidad del servicio canino, disminuye costos y mejora los estándares de calidad, al depender del contexto operativo a desempeñar por cada binomio.
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December 1, 2019
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