Police identifications according to racial profile. Criminological study on the experiences of identification in Spain in 2020-2021
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22335/rlct.v14i1.1487Keywords:
racial profile, police stops, ethnicity, public highway, vehicleAbstract
One of the main issues regarding police identifications is the use of race as a criterion in decision-making during arrests. However, previous studies have shown that these police practices are more concentrated in certain minority groups, thus applying the ethnic profile. Despite being a widespread practice in Spain and Europe, there are few studies on racial disparities between groups regarding police identifications. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the differences between the general population and minority groups based on the experiences of police identification in Spain during 2020-2021. To that purpose, a quantitative methodology has been followed, in which police identification data have been reported through a questionnaire, with a sample of 134 participants. Data analysis has been performed using association analysis and binary regression model. The results suggest the existence of significant differences between groups regarding the experiences of police identification, since ethnic minorities, are groups that are most likely to be singled out compared to the general population.
Downloads
References
Bowling, B., & Philips, C. (2003). Racism, ethnicity and criminology. Developing minority perspectives. British Journal of Criminology, 43(2), 269-290. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.2.269
Bradford, B. (2017). Stop and Search and Police Legitimacy. Routledge.
Brunson, R.K. (2007). Police don’t like black people: African-American Young men’s accumulated police experiences. Criminology & Public Policy, 6(1), 71–102.
Engel, R., Calnon., & Bernard, T.J. (2006). Theory racial profiling: Shortcomings and future directions in research. Justice Quarterly, 19(2), 249-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095231
FRA (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights). (2010). Data in Focus Resport 4: Police stops and minorities. EU-MIDIS. European Union Minorities and discrimination survey, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights.
García-Añón, J., Bradford, B., García, S.JA, Gascón, A., & Llorente, A. (2013). Introducción: ¿En qué consiste la identificación por perfil étnico? En Identificación policial por perfil étnico en España (pp. 30-39). Tirant lo Blanch.
García, E., Arenas, L., & Miller, J. (2016). Identificaciones policiales y discriminación racial en España. Evaluación de un programa para su reducción. Boletín Criminológico, 22(161-167), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.24310/Boletin-criminologico.2016.v22i2016.7546
Gau, J.M., & Brunson, R.K. (2010).Procedural Justice and Order Maintenance Policing: A study of Inner-City Young Men’s Perceptions of Police Legitimacy. Justice Quarterly, 27(2), 255-279. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820902763889
Glaser, J. (2014a). What Is Racial Profiling? En Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling (pp. 1-21). Oxford. http://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370409.003.0002
Glaser, J. (2014b). Racial Profiling Is Real. En Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling (pp.1-22). Oxford. http://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370409.003.0002
Guevara, P.G., Verdesoto, A.E., & Castro, N.E. (2020). Metodologías de investigación educativa (descriptivas, experimentales, participativas, y de investigación-acción). Educational research methodologies (descriptive, experimental, particpatory, and action research). Recimundo, 4(3), 163-173. http://doi.org/10.26820/recimundo/4.(3).julio.2020.163-173
HMIC (Inspecting policing in the public interest) (2013). Stop and Search Powers: Are the pólice using them effectively and fairly? http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/media/stop-and-search-powers-20130709.pdf
Home Office. (2015). Police Powers and procedures England and Wales year ending 31 March 2015. Home Office.
Home Office. (2017). Police Powers and procedures England and Wales year ending 31 March 2017. Home Office.
INE. (2020). Población residente por fecha, sexo, grupo de edad y nacionalidad. https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=9689
Jones-Brown, D., Gill. J., & Trone, J. (2010). Stop, Question & Frisk Policing Practices in New York City: A primer. John Jay College the city University of New York of Criminal Justice.
Lamus, D. (2012). Raza y etnia, sexo y género: El significado de la diferencia y el poder. Reflexión Política, 14(27), 68-84.
Ley Orgánica 4/2015, de 30 de marzo, de protección de la seguridad ciudadana, BOE, núm. 77, de 31 de marzo de 2015 (2015). https://boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2015-3442
López-Riba, J. M. (2019). ¿Tienen las identificaciones policiales efectos preventivos en la delincuencia? International e-Journal of Criminal Sciences, 8(14), 2-22.
Manterola, C. & Bustos, L. (2001). Estrategias de investigación. Diseños experimentales. Ensayo clínico. Rev. Chil. Cir., 53(5), 498-503.
Manterola, C. & Otzen, T. (2015). Estudios Experimentales 2ª Parte. Estudios Cuasi-Experimentales. Int.J.Morphol., 33(1), 382-387.
Miller, K. (2013). The Institutionalization of Racial Profiling Policy: An Examination of Antiprofiling Policy Adoption Among Large Law Enforcement Agencies. Crime & Delinquency, 59(1), 32-58. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0011128708328863
Miller, J., Bland, N. & Quinton, P. (2000). The impact of stop and searches on crime and the community. Home Office.
MIR (Ministerio del Interior). (2008). Anuario Estadístico del Ministerio del Interior 2008. http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1204854/Anuario+estad%C3%ADstico+del+Ministerio+del+Interior+de+2008.pdf/2215b4dd-aeec-4430-8a0a-eb047d4cb056
MIR (Ministerio del Interior). (2009). Anuario Estadístico del Ministerio del Interior 2009. http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1204854/Anuario+estad%C3%ADstico+del+Ministerio+del+Interior+de+2009.pdf/fbec9f09-165a-4836-8c53-aec26c3eea23
MIR (Ministerio del Interior). (2010). Anuario Estadístico del Ministerio del Interior 2010. http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1204856/Anuario+Estad%C3%ADstico+del+Ministerio+del+Interior+2010.pdf/b28597a1-c633-4cfa-b2c1-3f0094e55588
MIR (Ministerio del Interior). (2011). Anuario Estadístico del Ministerio del Interior 2011. http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1204756/Anuario+estad%C3%ADstico+de+2011.pdf/1d35a1c8-f2e1-4417-bc5a-ca4e17bb7e66
MIR (Ministerio del Interior). (2012). Anuario Estadístico del Ministerio del Interior 2012. http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1204854/Anuario_estadistico_2012_okkk.pdf/00ee01c7-3122-496a-a023-22829653e6c0
MIR (Ministerio del Interior). (2013). Anuario Estadístico del Ministerio del Interior 2013. http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1204854/Anuario_Estadistico_2013.pdf/b7606306-4713-4909-a6e4-0f62daf29b5c
MIR (Ministerio del Interior). (2014). Anuario Estadístico del Ministerio del Interior 2014. http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1204854/Anuario-Estadistico-2014_v201510.pdf/0c18a800-f7f7-405c-9155-7391633618c8
MIR (Ministerio del Interior). (2015). Anuario Estadístico del Ministerio del Interior 2015. http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1204854/Anuario-Estadistico-2015.pdf/03be89e1-dd38-47a2-9ce8-ccdd74659741
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. (2018). Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Comunities. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24928.
Norris, C., Fielding, N., Kemp, C. & Fielding, J. (1992). Black and Blue: an analysis of the influence on being stopped by the police. The British Journal of Sociology, 43 (2), 207-224.
NYCLU. (2019). Anual Stop-and-Frisk in the Blasio Era. NYCLU.
Office for National Statics. (2020). Population estimates time series dataset. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatestimeseriesdataset
Office of the Attorney General of the State of New York. (1999). The New York City Police Department's "Stop & Frisk" Practices: A Report to the People of the State of New York From The Office Of The Attorney General. OAGSNY.
Open Society Justice Intitiative. (2009a). Adressing Ethnic Profiling by Police. A Report on the Strategies for Effective Police Stop and Search Project: Improving relations between police and minority communuties by increasing the fairness, effectiveness, and accountability of police stops in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Spain. Autor.
Open Society Justice Intitiative. (2009b). Ethnic Profiling in the European Union: Pervasive, Ineffective, and discriminatroy. Autor.
Parker, K. F., Lane, E. C., & Alpert, G. P. (2010). Community characteristics and police search rates: Accounting for the ethnic diversity of urban areas in the study of Black, White, and Hispanic searches. En S. K. Rice & M. D. White (eds.), Race, ethnicity, and policing: New and essential readings (pp.349-367). New York University Press.
Quinton, P. (2011). The formation of suspicions: Police stop and serch practices in England and Wales. Policing and Society, 21(4), 357-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2011.610193
Rodero, E., & Herrera, M. (2000). El concepto de raza. Un enfoque epistemológico. Archivos de Zootecnia, 49(186), 5-16.
Rojas, M. (2015). Tipos de investigación científica: una simplificación de la complicada incoherente nomenclatura y clasificación. Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 16(1), 1-14.
Rosenfeld, R. & Fornango, R. (2014). The impact of police on precint robbery and burglary rates in New York City, 2003-2010, Justice Quarterly, 31(1), 96-122.
Rosenfeld, R. & Messner, S.F. (2009). The crime in drop in comparative perspective: the impact of the economy and imprisonment on American and European burglary rates. The British Journal of Sociology, 60(3), 445-471.
Shaw, C.R., & Mckay, H.D. (1969). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas (rev. ed.), University of Chicago Press.
Smith, M.R., & Alpert, G. (2007). Explainig Police Bias. A Theory of Social Conditioning and illusory Correlation. Criminal Justice and Behavior. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34(10). 1262-1283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854807304484
Tiratelli, M., Quinton, P., & Bardford, B. (2018). Does Stop and Search deter crime? Evidence from ten years of London-wide data. British Journal of Criminology, 58, 1212-1231. http://doi:10.1093/bjc/azx085
United Kingdom Government. (2017). Police powers and procedures England and Wales year ending 31 March 2017 second edition. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-powers-and-procedures-england-and-wales-year-ending-31-march-2017
United States Census Bureau. (2019). State population totals and components of Change: 2010-2019. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-state-total.html
Withrow, B. (2004). A comparative Analysis of Commonly Used Benchmarks in Racial Profiling: A Research Note. Justice Reserach and Policy, 6(1), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.3818/JRP.6.1.2004.71
Wilson, J. Q., y Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows: The police and neighborhoad safety. The Atlantic, March, 27-38.
Weisburd, D., & Majmundar, M.K. (2017). Proactive Policing: Effects on crime and communities. The National Academy Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Revista Logos Ciencia & Tecnología
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal provides free and immediate access to its content (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode#languages), under the principle that making research available to the public free of charge supports greater global knowledge exchange. This means that the authors transfer the Copyrights to the journal, so that the material can be copied and distributed by any means, as long as the authors’ recognition is maintained, and the articles are not commercially used or modified in any way.
