Evaluation of corylus
avellana L Cvs propagated by rooted suckers and grafting
Evaluación de Corylus avellana L Cvs
propagado por brotes enraizados e ingerto *
Avaliação do Corylus avellana L Cvs
propagado por enriquecidos e ingerto*
Diana Carolina Carvajal Rodríguez **
Sergio Tombesi ***
Miguel Ángel García Parra ****
Fundación
Universitaria Juan Castellanos – Colombia
Università
Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Sede di Piacenza e Cremona: Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna,
Italy
Universidad
del Cauca - Colombia
Fecha
de Recibido: Febrero 25 del 2018
Fecha de Aceptación: Mayo 01 de 2018
Fecha de Publicación: Julio 01 de 2018
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22335/rlct.v10i3.631
* Article derived
from the investigation “Evaluation of corylus avellana L Cvs propagated by rooted
suckers and grafting”.
** Agricultural Engineer, Fundación
Universitaria Juan de Castellanos (Colombia). Member of
Research Group AOF. Email: krito22@hotmail.es
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8890-3746
*** PhD. Agricultural Sciences, Università
Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartamento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali
Sostenibili. Email:
Sergio.tombesi@unicatt.it. Orcid:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5126-0561
**** Agricultural Engineer. Doctorate student in
Agrarian and Agroindustrial Sciences. Cauca University (Colombia). Member of
Research Group AOF. Email: miguelgarciap@unicauca.edu.co
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8541-5181
Abstract
Hazel
belongs to the genus Corylus, where we find as economic interest to European
Hazel (C. avellana L). Recommended cultivars for Italy are Tonda di Giffoni,
Tonda Gentile delle Langhe (TGL) and Tonda Romana (TR), because of their nut
quality, productivity, vigor and type of growth. Hazelnut is commonly
propagated vegetatively by rooted suckers, layering and grafting. Grafting is
particularly interesting because the use on non-suckering rootstock can
consistently decrease crop cost. The aim of this work was to evaluate the
behavior of the cv Tonda di Giffoni propagated by rooted suckers (TG) and
grafting. Furthermore, it was compared the reproductive activity of cv TGL and
TR propagated by grafting. Tonda di Giffoni grafted (TGi) borne shorter (174.2
cm) and fewer shoots (12.2) compared with plants propagated by rooted suckers
(362,8 cm, 18.6 and 120,53); grafted plants had higher density female flowers
than own rooted plants; the same was for fruit set that was larger in grafted
plants than in own-rooted plants (66.6%).
Key
words: Propagation, Development, Vegetative
vigour, Cultivars.
Resumen
El avellano pertenece
al género Corylus, donde encontramos un interés económico en Hazel Europeo (C.
avellana L). Las cultivares recomendados para Italia son Tonda di Giffoni,
Tonda Gentile delle Langhe (TGL) y Tonda Romana (TR), debido a su calidad,
productividad, vigor y tipo de crecimiento. La avellana comúnmente se propaga
vegetativamente por brotes enraizados, capas en injertos. El injerto es
particularmente interesante porque el uso en portainjertos no enraizados puede
disminuir consistentemente el costo de los cultivos. El objetivo de éste
trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento del cv Tonda di Giffoni propagada por
brotes enraizados (TG) e injertos. Además, se comparó la actividad de cv TGL y
TR propagada por injerto. Tonda di Giffoni injertado (TGi) nace más corto
(174,2 cm) y menos brotes (12,2) en comparación a las plantas propagadas por
brotes enraizados (362,8 cm, 18,6 y 120, 53); las plantas injertadas, tuvieron
la más alta densidad de flores femeninas que las plantas enraizadas; lo mismo
ocurrió con los frutos, fueron más grandes en plantas injertadas que en plantas
enraizadas (66,6%).
Key Words:
Propagación, Desarrollo, Vigor vegetativo, Cultivares.
Resumo
A
avelã pertence ao gênero Corylus, onde encontramos um interesse econômico na
Hazel Europeo (C. hazelnut L.). As cultivares Itália Tonda di Giffoni
recomendados são, Tonda Gentile delle Langhe (TGL) e Tonda Romana (TR), por
causa de sua taxa de qualidade, produtividade, vigor e crescimento. Avelã é
comumente propagada vegetativamente por brotos enraizados, camadas em enxertos.
O enxerto é particularmente interessante porque o uso em porta-enxertos não
enraizados pode reduzir consistentemente o custo das culturas. O objetivo deste
trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de Tonda di Giffoni cv propagada por
brotações enraizadas (TG) e enxertos. Além disso, a atividade de cv TGL e TR
propagada por enxertia foi comparada. Tonda di Giffoni enxertado (TGi)
carregado mais curto (174,2 centímetros) e menos botões (12,2) em comparação
com as plantas propagadas por rebentos com raízes (362,8 cm, 18,6 e 120, 53);
as plantas enxertadas tiveram a maior densidade de flores femininas que as
plantas enraizadas; o mesmo aconteceu com os frutos, eles foram maiores em
plantas enxertadas do que em plantas enraizadas (66,6%).
Palavras-chave:
Propagação, Desenvolvimento, Vigor Vegetativo, Cultivares.
Introducción
Corylus genus has 25 species, C. avellana L. or
European hazelnut is the most interesting one for cultivation (Lavín &
Reyes, 2014). C. avellana is shrub, with branches of brown clear grayish color.
A large number of suckers are borne from the neck of the plant. Suckering
capability depend on the cultivar: it is high for Tonga di Giffoni, Tonda
Gentile delle Langhe, and Tonda Romana, or limited in Dundee, Newberg (C.
avellana x Corylus colurna), C. colurna (Ellena & Sandoval, 2013). C.
Avellana is a monoecious dicline speacies meaning that female and male flowers
are borne separatelly but on the same individual. Male flowers are grouped in
inflorescence called catkins and the female flower is called glomerulus (Lavín
& Reyes, 2014); The fruit can be unique or gathered in infructescences
composed by 2, 3 or more fruits (Ellena, 2010).
Tonda di Giffoni is a cultivar apreciated because
of the productivity, the kernel blanching, rapid growning, medium vigour, a
remarkable protandry and self-sterility; early female and male flowering
(Tombesi & Limongelli, 2002, Grau, 2003 & Ellena, et al. 2013); Tonda
Gentile delle Langhe, was originated in Piedmont, northern Italy; it has
remarkable protandry and self-sterility, with habit of intermediate developent
and moderate vigour (Ellena, et al. 2013); Tonda Romana, has a medium low
vigour, late budbreak, medium productivity , and medium-late maturing (Tombesi
& Limongelli, 2002; Grau, 2009).
Hazelnut is commonly vegetative propagated by
rooted suckers, layering and grafting (Ercisli & Read, 2001), Rooted
suckers are emission of vigorous sprouts from adventitious buds located on the
neck of the plant or root. Rooted sucker popagation is simple and inexpensive,
but allow to obtain a limited number of plant per each mother plant (Corte, M.
& Sonnati, C. 2009, Lobos, 1986); grafting in hazelnut is recomended for
the reduction of suckering activity (Thompson, 1984 citado por Medel, 1989),
but it is not currently a common technique, because of the limited availability
of rootstocks and the limited percentage of grafting sucess (Lobos, 1986). The
aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of grafting and sucker
propagation on vegetative and reproductive parameters during the first year
after planting..
Material and methods
The present study was carried out in the
experimental greenhouse of the Università Cattlica del Sacro Cuore in Piacenza,
Italy, at an altitude of 66m at coordinates 45º 03’ North latitude - 09º 41’
East longitude. Three cultivars of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) were
used: Tonda di Giffoni (TG), Tonda Gentile delle Langhe, (TGL) and Tonda Romana
(TR). A total number of 40 plants was used: 30 plant of TG, of the which 15
were propagated by rooted suckers and the other 15 by grafting, the remaining ten
were TGL and TR, five plant per each propagated by grafting. All grafted plants
were grafted on C. Colurna seedlings.
The trial was conducted in February 2017, when he
was finishing the season of winter, Plants were 2 years old, in February 2017 1
year old shoot length and number, number of nodes, number of female (N ° FF)
and male flowers (N ° FM) was measured. In June the number of fruit per plant
and the trunk diameter at the base (5 cm from the ground) was measured. Data
were analyzed by Excel and t-test was used to compare treatments per P<0.05.
Results and discussion
Shoot length
Plant propagated by rooted suckers borne longer
1-year-old shoots (362,8 cm) in comparrison with plant propagated by grafting
(174.2 cm) Evidenced significative differences intro the two methods
propagation (Figure 1). The methods of propagation are determinants and in the
productivity the trees of C avellana (Solar et al, 1994), while the obtained
results had partial discordance with data reported by Ellena et al., (2014), in
which Tonda di Giffoni grafted plants were more vigorous than own rooted
plants. However, this variable is determined for factors as the presence and
availability of nutrients as Nitrogen (N) in the soil (Silvestri, 2015).
In the comparison of the varieties, the TGL had
longer 1YO shoots than TG and TR, respectivelluy, due to longer internodes
(Table 1). TG born a consistent larger number of female and male flowers than
TGL and TR, looking that exist significative differences in each one of the
variables, except the number of nodes.
Number of shoot
Own rooted TG borne more shoots per plant than
grafeted TG 18.6 and 12.2, respectivelly similarly to what reported by Rovira,
et al. (2013), in the Negret variety plants, grafted on different rootstocks
and own-rooted.
There was no significant difference between grafted
TG, TR and TGL regarding the number of vegetative shoots borne per plant,
suggesting that the effect of grafting decrease the effect of the cultivar on
vegetative growth caracteristics that was previously reported to be mainly
related to the genotype (Tombesi & Farinelli 2014).
Famele flowers
Female flower density varied depending the shoot
lenght: shorter shoots had a larger relative number of buds induced to female
flowers (Fig 2). This is consistent with the results obtained by Santos, et al.
(2001) and by Tombesi & Farinelli, (2014) that reported a negative
correlation between flower density and shoot length. In own rooted plant the
relationship between female flower density and shoot length was similar even
though, due to the smal number of female flower borne in these plants, the
relashionship resulted down-shifted.
Figure 2. Number of female flowers on the number
of nodes in relation to the length outbreak of Tonda di giffoni propagated by root suckers and graft.
Flowering
efficiency and fruit set
Grafted
TG plant had a larger flowering efficincy than own rooted TG plant regarding
female and male flower as well (fig 3 and 4). TR and TGL grafted plant had an
intermediate behaviour between own rooted TG and grafted TG pkants.
This
indicate that grafting on C. Colurna seedlings can induce an early bearing of
flowers and increase the yield efficiency of plants. Infact, the number of nuts
yielded by grafted plants was higher than that of nuts borne by own-rooted
plants. This was due to larger number of flowers borne by grafted plants and
larger fruit set rate that was 66% and 45.8% in grafted and own rooted plants,
respectivelly.
Figure
3. Number of the famele flowers of the cultivars Tonda di giffoni, Tonda
gentile delle langhe and Tonda Romana per cm2 of trunk. The letters
diferents indicate significative differences.
Figure
4. Number of the male flowers of the cultivars Tonda di giffoni, Tonda gentile
delle langhe and Tonda Romana by cm2 of trunk.
Conclusions
European
Hazel plants propagation can affect vegetative and reproductive behaviour:
plants propagated by grafting have lower shoot length, number of shoots and
number of nodes in comparrison with rooted-sucker-propagated plant. Grafted
plants borne a larger density of female and male flowers suggesting a minor
competition between reproductive and vegetative activity.
For
the three cultivare of European Hazel (Tonda di giffoni TG, Tonda gentile
delle langhe TGL y Tonda Romana TR) prapagated by grafting on C. Colurna
seedlings, Tg was the most efficient in bearing female and male flowers, while
vegetative growth was mostly pronounced in TGL, TG and TR, respectivelly. In
coclusion, on the base of these preliminar data, the use of grafting for
hazelnut propagation could allow to decrease the unproductive period and to
decrease plant vigour shifting carboidrate partitioning from vegetative to
reproductive activity.
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